Shelby Bryant . Professor Brandon Underwood. Ethics And

Shelby Bryant Professor Brandon Underwood Ethics and Society 21 March 2017 3) Kant and Ross represent two very different forms of deontological ethical theory. Begin by explaining what their two theories have in common. Explain Kant’s categorical imperative. Pick an example and show how his position compares to Ross’ notion of prima facie obligations. Ross and Kant do represent very different forms of deontological theory although Ross did implement some aspects of Kantian deontology. Both believed there to be duties or moral obligations that we are to follow when making ethical decisions. Kant called his categorical imperative or perfect and imperfect duties. Ross called his prima facia duties, but both agree there are some cases†¦show more content†¦Ross believes it’s our life experiences that make us sounder to make moral decisions. We are all going to fall short of our expectations to reach the ultimate morality or in a sense divinity. We are all created in God’s image, but we are all imperfect as humans. As humans we are always faced with some sort of moral decisions all the time, but how we make those decisions are what defines who we are. For example, if I pay a traffic ticket to avoid a fine or worse being arrested I will have done the right thing, but my action will have no moral significance. Only if I pay the loan out of a sincere sense of personal obligation and a willing adherence to principle will my right action also be morally good according to Kant. Where Ross would argue that paying that traffic ticket may be morally right we have other obligations and considerations that need to be taken into consideration when deciding what is morally right. The biggest difference between the two is that Ross does allow some grey area, and room for mistakes. Where Kant wouldn’t allow any room for error because there shouldn’t be any. If you deem something to be morally right it better be for the good of society. What we have are two philosophers that are building their theories off of other philosophers that came before them. Neither of them have a complete handle on what is deemed moral nor what is ethical, but what we have is a basis of design. Both believed in doing what was right, but what is right is

The Goal Of Healing Homes - 1621 Words

The goal of healing homes is to develop and foster nurturing Hispanic adoptive and foster homes that responds to the cultural, emotional, and behavioral needs of at-risk Hispanic youths in the foster care system. Rooted in the belief that every child walks their own path and has the ability to reach full potential, Healing Homes focuses on a curriculum that teaches parents and caregivers how to be better listeners and supportive parents and enables children to improve. According to Dettlaf Rycraft (2010), â€Å"immigrant Latino children and families represent the largest and fastest-growing population in the United States, and thus require the attention of child welfare systems and the development of evidence-based practices designed to respond to the unique needs of this population.† Theme I: Cultural Competence â€Å"Child welfare agencies in the U.S. are seeking to respond to the need for linguistically and culturally responsive services for children of immigrants and their families as the population continues to grow† (Johnson, 2007). In a study conducted by Brown, Sintzel, Arnault, George (2009), the researched explored how important it is to understand how cultural values, beliefs and traditions of foster parents are related to placement success because a substantial proportion of children in care come from culturally diverse backgrounds. 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Intergenerational effects have been created due to residential school and have devastating impacts on Aboriginal communities. This paper explores how a school curriculum would help spread awareness of the wrongs committed against Aboriginal communities and how we can set the path for healing. Read MoreMarketing Analysis : The Marketing Industry, The Target Market, And What The Competitors Offer935 Words   |  4 Pagesinformation about the local and nationwide competitors will provide an understanding of the sustainable advantages our company has over its competitors. Integrative Touch for Kids (ITK) is a nonprofit organization and its goal is to aid children through their major programs like the Healing Retreat, and Hospital Heroes. As consultants, it is critical to utilize this research in order to better understand ITK’s core values in order to act accordingly. Industry Overview This nonprofit company can be classified

Ethical Organizational Conduct and Relational †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Organizational Conduct and Relational. Answer: Introduction: Literature review is essentially an evaluation report of specific information observed in particular literature associated to the chosen area of study. In essence, the review section has the need to illustrate, summarise, analyse and clarify the literature. Particularly, this needs to provide theoretical base for the research and aid in the process of determination of the overall nature of the research. The purpose of literature review is to institute theoretical structure for the topic, definition of key terms, identification of studies, models, case studies and many others for supporting the topic under consideration. Hierarchical corporate culture refers to an organizational model founded on distinctly defined corporate levels as well as frameworks (Goonewardena 2016). Essentially, hierarchy is a specific type of organizational culture in which different items are ranked as per levels of significance. In actual fact, in a particular corporate environment, hierarchies rely upon framework, regulations, and top-down control to steer various business exercises and actions (Kim and Krishna 2017). In this regard, there are different categories of corporate culture models that take in adhocracies, clean cultures as well as market cultures (Sharif and Scandura 2014). Essentially, adhocracies emphasize the capability to adapt quickly to altering conditions. In essence, clan cultures that have a family like environment value consensus and commonality of values as well as goals. Furthermore, market cultures refer to corporate environment lays stress on competition. Conformity to identified best exercises, control measures along with substantial oversight can be regarded to be necessary in the area of productivity as well as success (Hill and Rapp 2014). On the whole, hierarchical culture refers to a business that sticks to formal regulations, regulations as well as bureaucracy is showing a hierarchy culture (Madary and Metzinger 2016). Organisational learning capability Organisational learning capability can be indicated as the capability of a business concern to process knowledge that is the capability to generate, acquire, transfer and assimilate knowledge (Chapple 2015). Organisational learning capability can help in modifying the behaviour to reflect the new cognitive circumstance, with the objective of enhancing organizational performance Again, (Madary and Metzinger 2016). However, organizational learning can be indicated as a specific field in the area of cognitive as well as social procedures of knowledge in business concerns that imbricate in organizational and work exercises. This in turn aids in evaluation of influence of organizational learning capacity in innovative performance as well as organizational performance. Organizational learning capability therefore can be defined as the potential of an organizational learning is both an organizational feature as a managerial one. This can help in facilitating the process of learning and this can facilitating process of learning. Risk of unfair people practises Unfair practices refer to those practices that engage the general public or diverse competing parties. This is banned by statute and regulated by an appropriate government agency (Madary and Metzinger 2016). Unfair trade practices indicate towards a trade practice with regard to the public or competitor that is forbidden by statute and this is therefore subject to control by respective commission (Goonewardena 2016). However, unfair labour practices necessarily indicate towards activities undertaken by employers or else unions that are illegal under stipulated regulation (Kim and Krishna 2017). In itself, the study at hand analyses unfair trade practices. This refers to deceptive actions and leads to injury and can be regarded as fraudulent to a specific consumer (Goonewardena 2016). In essence, these practices can necessarily take in acts that are deemed to be unlawful, namely the ones that violate consumer protection regulation. The antecedent or precursor to the variable Risk of unfair practices is essentially the variable that can assist in the process of illustrating the apparent association between other variables in a cause and effect association. The statistical examinations such as Chi-square Test or Pair-t test can be used to obtain the p-value. This can produce a p-value and this is equal to possibility of obtaining the observed variance, one or more extreme. In case if the p-value is huge (value greater than 0.05), then the null hypothesis is accepted and for p value 0.05, then null hypothesis is rejected. This presents a relationship between hierarchical corporate culture and learning capability. This association reflects the fact that organizational model is based on particularly defined corporate and learning capability (Hill and Rapp 2014). Therefore, higher learning capability can necessarily enhance the organizational learning potential. Analysis of association between organizational learning capabilities and risk of unfair practices reveals the fact that organization learning can enhance awareness regarding capability of the business (Chapple 2015). This can help in generating, acquiring, transferring and assimilating knowledge that in turn can enhance organizational performance. Essentially, enhanced organizational capability can necessarily lessen the risk of unfair practices. A positive organizational culture or internal process helps employees to remain motivated and faithful to the corporation and uphold healthy competition. Employees learn to act by understanding the virtuous way of undertaking their tasks upholding their ethical aspects. In itself, this helps in lessening the risk of unfair practices in the organization. Every business concern has its own established culture. This organizational culture can be considered to be a determining factor in the process of success of the corporation. This is because a shared organizational culture helps in uniting employees belonging to different demography. Also, organizational culture aids to keep employees inspired and loyal to the administration of the corporation and promote healthy competition. A healthy organizational culture provides direction and guidelines necessarily contribute towards culture of the corporation (Sharif and Scandura 2014). Subsequently this creates a learning environment and gradually augments the organizational learning capability. Employees get an idea regarding the righteous way of accomplishing their tasks maintaining their ethical aspects. Thus, this lessens the risk of unfair practices in the organization. The above research essentially intends to analyse each of the variables of the study that include the internal process culture, organizational learning capability and risk of unfair practices. This study lays emphasis on theoretical framework, explanation of key terms, recognition of studies along with models on the identified variables and association between the identified variable. The study that concentrates on assessment of literature helps in understanding challenging and multidimensional circumstance that constitutes a powerful set of resources. Organizational capabilities that help in augmentation of potential of organizational ability, competence as well as resources can subsequently aid in development of operations. The increase in ability helps in increase in enhancement of knowledge of the corporation. Fundamentally, enhancement of culture of the corporation also aids in improvement of awareness as regards ethical code of conduct, correct way of accomplishment of ways of achievement of task. Essentially, organizational culture assists in keeping employees inspired as well as loyal to the management of the corporation and promotes healthy competition. A strong organizational culture delivers direction and course of action necessarily have a say towards culture of the business (Sharif and Scandura 2014). Consequently this generates a learning environment and normally enhances the organizational learning capability. Thus, this lessens the risk of unfair practices in the organization. References Chapple, M., 2015. Professional knowledge, ethical conduct.Health estate,69(3), p.17. Goonewardena, K., 2016. Planning Research, Ethical Conduct and Radical Politics. InEthics and Planning Research(pp. 67-80). Routledge. Hill, R.P. and Rapp, J.M., 2014. Codes of ethical conduct: A bottom-up approach.Journal of Business Ethics,123(4), pp.621-630. Kim, S. and Krishna, A., 2017. Communication or action? Strategies fostering ethical organizational conduct and relational outcomes.Public Relations Review,43(3), pp.560-567. Madary, M. and Metzinger, T.K., 2016. Real virtuality: a code of ethical conduct. recommendations for good scientific practice and the consumers of vr-technology.Frontiers in Robotics and AI,3, p.3. Sharif, M.M. and Scandura, T.A., 2014. Do perceptions of ethical conduct matter during organizational change? Ethical leadership and employee involvement.Journal of Business Ethics,124(2), pp.185-196.

Role of Planning Professionals

Introduction The purpose of this essay is to discuss the role of a planning professional in the creation of a social and spatially just city. A planning professional is described as an individual who works in the field of urban planning and development. The main role of a planning professional is to optimize the effectiveness of the urban community’s land resources, land availability and infrastructure as they perform their duties.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Planning Professionals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The duties of a planning professional include formulating plans that will be used in developing and managing urban areas that are undergoing some form of development. Other tasks that the professionals perform include analyzing the compatibility of the land use to economic, environmental and social factors. The role of a planning professional has continued to gain more prominence over the last century as urban planning in cities and urban areas have continued to grow. Urban Planning Urban planning is defined as those activities that are directed towards improving the welfare of a population located in a city or an urban area by creating convenient, reliable and efficient structures that will be used in the present and future time frame (Chang 2010). Urban planning is a management tool used by most governments and countries the world over to deal with effective urbanization and development activities within cities. Despite the fact that urban planning has faced a slow growth since its inception one hundred years ago, a number of countries around the world have adopted innovative approaches that can be used to develop their cities to meet the 21st century planning standards (Fyfe and Kenny 2005). These new approaches include spatial planning in integrating the functions of the public sector to those of regional or local areas, land regularization and management ap proaches, new techniques of master planning, and urban planning techniques that are aimed at producing spatial forms such as compact and urbanized cities (UN-Habitat 2009). The known Spatial planning in a built-up area refers to the systems and designs that are used to sway the distribution of the residents in spaces of various scales. The activities that fall under spatial planning comprise of regional setting up, urban planning and national spatial plans (Cowan 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Urban planning has however faced challenges in the past such as environmental challenges, climate change, demographic problems, land misuse and unavailability, rapid urbanization, shrinking cities, economic challenges, social-spatial changes, changes in governance and noise, air, land pollution (Seto et al. 2007). The most common challenge that affects urban planning and urban profession als are the socio-spatial challenges that arise from new spatial forms and processes that are beyond the control of local authorities. Socio-spatial changes usually affect the functions that take place within cities as they affect the fragmentation and specialization of these functions. There have been notable contrasts in the suburban areas of most cities with tenement zones such as the low income and high-income areas becoming more apparent. These contrasts have emerged as a result of the changing land market, changing uses of land and new policies that govern land use and urban development (Naison and Mangiza 2009). These challenges have slowed down the growth of urban planning over the years, making it difficult for any new developments to take place in the sector. They have also made it difficult for any meaningful progress in urban planning to take place due to their complex nature. So that the field of urban planning can be able to progress and move ahead, specific steps need to be taken to overcome the challenges that threaten urban planning. These steps include addressing the above challenges in the form of a global urban reality that affects all countries and employing the skills, talents and capabilities of professional urban planners (Sclar 2010). The Role of Planning Professionals Urban planning professionals can fall under various categories, which include: real estate developers, transportation planners, metropolitan planners, economic development planners, regional planners, civil engineers, neighbourhood planners and strategic urban planners.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Planning Professionals specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Urban planners usually work for developers or governments that have initiated large scale commercial development projects in the urban setting. In setting up a strategy for development, urban designers have to deem several issues which incl ude things like the zoning codes, land availability, crime in the area, traffic congestion and land sustainability (Hall 2001). Urban professionals play an essential role in the urbanization process, which is characterised to be iterative and dynamic in nature. The scope of their work can be described to be classical articulation where the planning professional’s role mostly deals with presenting a decision-maker with the relevant solutions and courses of action that are important in the planning process. Once the decision-maker approves the solution and sets it out as a policy, the role of the urban professional is to carry out the decision according to the decision maker’s mandate. While performing their duties, planning professionals incorporate the use of methodological and technological expertise to develop plans that will be used in urban planning activities. Methodological and technological techniques are used in defining the problem and formulating appropriate alternatives that would be used to address these problems (Barton et al. 2009). Planning professionals are usually involved in decision-making activities that determine what information will be used in managing the urban development process and whether this information will be presented to the major actors of the process. Once they have made the planning decision, the next stage involves the implementation of the decision. The role of the planning profession in this stage is to exercise judgement and discretion due to the ambiguous nature of the urban planning process and public policy that deals with urban planning. This ambiguous nature is characterised by many uncertainties and rigid policies that are used in formulating urban development plans. The job of the professional becomes essential in this stage because legislators lack the technical know-how to deal with the ambiguous nature of urban planning which inevitably leads to them creating vague and unclear policies (Sclar 2010 ).Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The job of a planning professional is deemed to be technical in nature as they have to translate the development objectives developed by the government into strategies that can be used in urban planning activities. The goal of these strategies is usually to implement the objectives set out by the government that has been designed to meet urbanization and development. According to Bertaud (2010), the most critical role of a planning professional is to set up a framework that will be used in the area that has been identified for development. This framework is usually made up of three components, which include land-use regulations, investments in infrastructure and taxation laws that are related to urban development. The professional planner has first to review the existing regulations on land use, which have been formulated by the government to ensure that the intended development is consistent with those regulations (Bertaud 2010). If there is a need for a new land use regulation, th e planning professional has the task of drafting a new guideline that will meet the requirements of the new development. The new guidelines have to follow the six steps of urban planning which include determining the objective of the urban plan, formulating the strategy, determining the number of inputs and outputs that will be used in the development activity, the outcomes and impact of the program to the area that has been identified for development. When the planner drafts the new regulation, they have to ensure that there is a projection of what the impact of the regulation will be on the intended area’s structure (Bertaud 2010). Planners should always look at what effect the new regulations will have on the market. Many regulations that deal with land use usually have some adverse side effects like for example regulations that require high standards for housing will see the development of objectives that define housing conditions, and the sizes of the buildings (medium, small or large housing). The side effects of such a regulation would see the houses being sold at a higher price in the real estate market, making it difficult for a large number of people to access decent housing. This leads to a situation of overcrowding in the existing houses reducing the standards of housing in the area or city. The planners should also ensure that the new regulations do not affect the density of the area that has been identified for development (Bertaud 2010). Regulations that increase or decrease the density of an area have an impact on the price of the land which could go up or down considerably, thereby affecting the relative worth of the land. For example, imposing a regulation in a low-density area will reduce the price of the land. The adverse effects of these actions will see the planning activities for the city requiring more low-density land for development because of massive demand for low-density areas. A regulation imposed on a high-density area wou ld have the reverse effect of increasing the price of land, but it contributes to the decrease in land availability, which is required for development. The outcomes of such effects will affect the prices of land in the market leading to a situation of instability and uncertainty in formulating urban plans (Bertaud 2010). The other role of planning professionals is to assess the investments that have been made in the existing primary infrastructure. Primary infrastructure is made up of roads, electrical connections, water and gas supply. The investment that has been made on fundamental infrastructure has an impact on the demand and supply of land available for development within a city’s boundaries. The infrastructure will also have an impact on the prices of buildings, or houses that have been developed within the primary infrastructure framework. Planners are therefore charged with the role of understanding the infrastructure of the area that has been earmarked for developme nt (Walton et al. 2005). Infrastructure usually has a double impact on the urban planning as it allows for development to take place in certain piece of land. The double effect of this is that infrastructure influences the supply and availability of houses or buildings. The planners should, therefore, measure this impact with regards to the supply. The other role requires planners to observe the laws of taxation when it comes to urban planning and development. Governments the world over usually impose taxes on land and also on the amount of rent that has been paid for the land. Taxation on land raises enough revenue that will be used by the city planners and municipal council to maintain and sustain the infrastructure found on the land (Kochanowski 2006). The taxation of land has an impact on land use as it determines whether the land will be used by the owner or sold. High land taxes might force some landowners to sell off their land to the city, which will in turn, reform the land for further urban development. Land taxation is therefore seen as an essential tool in ensuring the efficient and effective use of land. The role of the professional planner when it comes to land taxation is to be aware of the effect that these taxes will have on land use. If high taxes lead to the limited use of land, the planner has the task of consulting the relevant authorities to request them to reduce the high taxes so that the land can be properly used (Kochanowski 2006). The same applies to the reverse situation. If the land taxes are low, the land will be disused where unnecessary developments will take place in areas that are not designed for them. Bertaud (2010), therefore notes that all professional planners involved in urban development should focus on the three areas identified; regulations, infrastructure and taxation when they are formulating plans to be used in development. They should also analyse how these three areas affect the spatial development of cities and whether there is room for economic growth. The Role of Professional Planners in Developing Socio-Spatial Cities Spatial planning is the consideration of what can and should happen in a particular region or area. This type of urban planning involves investigating the interaction that takes place when different policies and practices are employed in urban development projects. Spatial planning goes beyond the traditional practices that govern land use in urban areas by setting out strategic frameworks that will be used current and future development activities. Spatial planning extends the work of the professional planner from that of land use management, development of layout plans or formulation of land use regulations to include activities that deal with living conditions or the liveability of certain areas marked for structural development. Spatial planning also attempts to bridge the gap that exists between the economic, social environment and urban development activities making the process of urbanization also to be focused on sustainability. Spatial planning also plays the role of coordinating sectoral policies by creating recognition of the objectives of these policies and how they relate to the economic or social environment (Thompson 2007) The American Planning Association (APA 2010) describes the role of a professional planner in spatial planning as that of researching, designing and developing programs that will be used in urban planning development. Professional planners also have the role of leading public change processes by effecting social change, performing technical analysis of urban areas and educating the general population on urban development planning. While most planners choose specific roles or areas of specialisation in urban development, majority of professional planners practice most or all area of urban planning (American Planning Association 2010). The major role of professional planners as identified by APA is to create a plan that will be used in development activities. These plans are usually based on the objectives, goals, and strategies that have been developed by the municipal council or the city by-laws for urban development projects and activities. Apart from formulating these plans, the professional planners also have the role of implementing or enforcing these plans. They achieve this by coordinating the work of the actual implementers of the plan, such as the construction workers, the developers, or the site contractors. A further task of the professional planner is to carry out field studies on how land is being presently used in a particular area. This is done by performing interviews on the people using the land and also assessing the current structure of the land (APA 2010). The Bureau of Labour Statistics (BLS 2010) identifies the role of regional and urban planners to be that of developing short and long term plans that will be used in land management as well as in the revitalization of commun ities based in urban, suburban and local areas. The planners accomplish these activities by helping the local officials to alleviate any social, spatial, economic, or environmental problems that might affect the community and formulating recommendations that will be used in developing the appropriate infrastructure. Professional planners also have the role of providing recommendations that will be used in developing zoning regulations for commercial, public and private land. These recommendations are usually based on forecasts and projections for urban developments in particular areas within the city’s limits. Planners also have the role of promoting the best use of land and land resources amongst community members in a specific area. Professional planners have also been known to perform the role of addressing the environmental, social, and economic problems that affect city dwellers or people that live in an area undergoing certain levels of developments. The plans they form ulate and develop are mostly used for the construction and development of essential community structures such as hospitals, churches and recreational facilities such as gyms or stadiums (BLS 2010). Professional planners also participate in decision-making activities on what natural resources will be used in development activities. These natural resources include land, minerals, rock and soil that are important in urban development projects. If using these resources will prove to be a threat to the natural ecosystem, the planner has the task of informing the developer of these adverse impacts. A number of planners are engaged in activities which are aimed at environmental preservation with their roles and activities mostly being centred on the control of air, water or land pollution, the preservation of land and forest areas, wetland preservation activities, and the conservation of natural habitats or ecosystems (Bureau of Labour Statistics 2010). Professional planners also have the role of drafting relevant legislation that will be used in developmental activities that will address social, economic, or environmental challenges that affect particular communities that live in the urban areas. Planners usually study and analyse the current practices on land use before they develop reports that will be used in urban planning. The information that is usually contained in these reports includes the location, power lines, water supply, gas supply pipes, roads, street lights and other essential amenities that are important for to the area (BLS 2010) The report also analyses the kind of activities or land-use practices that have been exercised on the area under evaluation. With this information, the professional planners try to optimize the land use by formulating plans that will see developments such as buildings or houses being initiated in the area. These plans are usually used as guidelines and blueprints by the people who are responsible for setting up these struc tures. Planners are also involved in rehabilitation activities by examining the current structures in a given urban setting and determining whether there is a need to improve these buildings (Bureau of Labour Statistics 2010). The field of spatial planning has played an essential role in the planning and development of urban areas. The role of professional planners has mostly been relegated to preparing and designing layout plans that will be used to develop towns, cities. Once the developer gets these plans, the work of the planner is seen to be complete until the next developer comes with a new project for development. This limited role has made it difficult for them to plan for spatial and social problems that might arise as a result of land allocations and extensive developments in city areas. Urban professional planners have not been active in searching for new ways that can limit the number of spatial issues that arise due to land disuse and depletion (Wang and Zou 2010). Role of Professional Planners in Developing â€Å"Just† Cities Professional planners have to consider the societal context when they plan for a city. A city is usually identified by the people and therefore, professional planners have to consider the societal characteristics of these people when they create a â€Å"just† city. All the aspects of planning require the professional planner first to understand what a just city is after which they should seek a balance between the city resident’s who are going to be impacted by the development activity and those who are going to benefit. A â€Å"just† city is defined as a city that has equitability in resources and in the number of planning and development activities that take place in the city. Fanstein (2005) defined a â€Å"just† city as one that was democratic, equitable, sustainable and growing. However, planning for a just city that incorporates such values is an elusive and challenging concept. Illib eral majorities might view democracy to be indifferent while the high cost of trying to achieve equitable distribution of resources might create resentment to those forced to give out more. Sustainability might diminish the growth of the city’s population leading to high unemployment rates and an increase in social justice. Professional planners are faced with the challenge of creating a socially â€Å"just† city given the various disparities that exist in society. Planning for a just city also involves incorporating the views of the affected citizens to ensure that the planning process does not discriminate against them. The social inequalities such as crime, different income levels and level of education make it difficult to ascertain the planning outcomes of the urban development process. The role of professional planners in developing a just city is to ensure there is social justice in land use, environmental, economic incentives, technological innovations and loca l resources. Planners should have experience in dealing with disputes that arise as a result of economic disparities as well as resolving environmental and economic equity issues (Campbell 2010). The professional planner’s activities in the recent past have mostly been characterised by downtown developments, freeway planning, public and private partnerships and other urban planning activities that do not add up to equitable planning and development. This has limited their responsibilities when it comes to economic justice and equity. The planner’s role in the present and future context will, therefore, be to reconcile the two aspects by ensuring that there is growth in the economy and that there is equal distribution of resources without degrading the natural ecological system (Campbell 2010). The role of the professional planner in creating a just city will be to arrange the procedures and approaches that will be used in making important decisions by using techniques such as bilingual translation, political pluralism, the developing of market mechanisms and conflict negotiation. Bilingual translation will require the professional planner to relay the necessary economic and environmental information to the affected citizens of urban planning. Campbell (2010) notes that professional planners should use economic and ecological bilingualism to achieve a socio-spatial framework that will be used in urban planning. The role of the planner in conflict negotiation is to reduce the gaps that exist between the economic, social and political environments. Conflict negotiation is essential for a planner in developing a â€Å"just† city as it balances all these environmental contexts. Conflict negotiation and resolution is more likely to be successful when there is a specific dispute that needs to be resolved. The political pluralism approach will require the planner to incorporate political ideologies in their planning approaches to ensure that their vision of a just city includes political frameworks. Market mechanisms are essential for the professional planner as they bridge the gaps that exist in economic disparities and the environmental priorities of the affected groups. The role of a planner in creating a just city will also involve taking into consideration technological improvements such as alternative resources, land use and design, and bioregionalism (Campbell 2010). The importance of developing socially and spatially just cities is to ensure that there is an equitable distribution of economic and ecological resources, to ensure that there is an appropriate use of land and land designs, layouts, to ensure the social aspects of the city’s residents have been taken into consideration and to ensure that everyone benefits from the urban development activities. Developing socially just spatial cities ensures that the difficulties experienced in plan implementation are reduced considerably and there is development of a just, democratic city (Fanstein 2005). Socially and spatially just cities are also important as they reduce ecological devastation on the natural environment and they ensure that there is equal distribution of economic outcomes by considering the views of affected citizens. Socially just cities foster economic growth and justice reducing crime and unemployment levels in these cities. Socially and spatially just cities reduce the variations that exist in tolerance levels, quality of public services, utility infrastructure, the availability of affordable housing, a reduction in economic segregation and a reduction in autonomy. Conclusion Professional urban planners need to recognize the importance of social and spatial planning in urban development projects. This recognition has been referred to as new regionalism because cities, towns and urban areas have been recognised by planners as important spatial units in a globalized world. New regionalism has been seen to be an essential approach in urban planning as it has reduced the level of land misuse and the depletion of natural resources that takes place in areas that are facing urban developments. The role of professional planners is therefore essential in ensuring that new regionalism is achieved in urban planning activities. References American Planning Association (APA) (2010) What is planning? Web. Barton, H., Grant, M., Mitcham, C., and Tsourou, C., (2009) Healthy urban planning in European cities, Health Promotion International Journal, Vol, 24, No 1, pp 91-99. Bertaud, A., (2010) The role of government, urban planners and markets. Web. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) (2010) Urban and regional planners, Occupational outlook handbook, 2010-11 Edition. Web. Campbell, S., (2010) Green cities, growing cities, just cities? Urban planning and the  contradictions of sustainable development. Web. Cowan, R., (2005) The dictionary of Urbanism, Tisbury, UK: Streetwise Press Chang, G., (2010) Urban planning and development, Journal of Urban Planning and  Development, Vol. 136, No.3, pp 177-285 Fanstein, S. (2005) Planning theory and the city. Journal of Planning Education  and Research. Vol. 25, pp121–130. Fyfe, N., and Kenny, J., (Eds) (2005) The urban geography reader, Abingdon, UK: Routledge. Hall, T., (2001) Urban geography, 2nd Edition. London, UK: Routledge. Kochanowski, P. S., (2006) Site value taxation in a declining city, American Journal of  Economics and Sociology, Vol, 50, No.1, pp 45-58 Naison, D., and Mangiza, M., (2009) New role of urban planning in a changing  environmental climate. Web. Sclar, E., (2010) Urban professionals in the 21st century: challenges for pedagogy and  professional practice, Columbia, US: Centre for Sustainable Urban Development Earth Institute. Web. Seto, E. Y., Holt, A., Rivard, T., and Bhatia, R., (2007) Spatial distribution of traffic induced noise exposures in a US city: an analytic tool for assessing health impacts of urban plan ning decisions, International Journal of Health  Geographics, Vol. 6, No.24. Thompson, S., (2007) Planning Australia: an overview of urban and regional planning,  Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press UN-Habitat (2009) Planning sustainable cities: policy directions, United Nations Human Settlements Programme, Gateshead, UK: MapSet Limited Wang, Y., and Zou, Z., (2010) Spatial decision support system for urban planning: case study of Harbin City in China, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, Vol.136, No.2, pp 147-153 Walton, J. S., El-Haram, M., Castillo, N. H., Horner, R. M., Price, A. D. and Hardcastle, C., (2005) Integrated assessment of urban sustainability, Engineering Sustainability, Vol.158, No.2, pp 57-65 This essay on Role of Planning Professionals was written and submitted by user Jerry Moore to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The effects of U.S. dollar depreciation relative to yuan on the economies of the USA and China

This paper will tend to analyze the impact the U.S. dollar depreciation has on both the Chinese and the U.S. economies. This depreciation could impact both negatively and positively on the U.S. economy, this may benefit the Chinese economy as the prices of the imports from China will drastically become higher while the value of its exports to China would increase. The paper therefore addresses both scenarios as bellow.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The effects of U.S. dollar depreciation relative to yuan on the economies of the USA and China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The effect of U.S. dollar depreciation relative to Chinese yuan Devaluation can simply be defined as the decrease in the value of a country’s currency relative to that of a foreign country. The U.S. currency depreciation can be traced back to the period between 2002 and 2008. This depreciation, however, has not been on a steady move, for example, in the years preceding the 2002-2008, the decline was so massive that it was felt greatly against the major currencies, among which are the euro, the Japanese yen, the Mexican peso, and the Chinese yuan (Elwell 1). Elwell argues that since the mid of the year 2009, the US dollar fell massively against the other major currencies recording a fall of about three percent against the yuan (1) The effect of dollar depreciation on the U.S. economy Depreciation of the U.S. dollar relative to the Chinese yuan will make the U.S. exports cheaper and imports more expensive; by doing so, the products in China will become more competitive against the third country’s products whose currency is pegged to the dollar (Fan 3). Fan points out that, ‘depreciation can also lead to improved economic growth by stimulating import’ which can also lead to an increase in the demand of import, and benefit the Chinese export’ (4). It is therefore important to note that the dollar depreciation will cause the price of imports to increase in relation to the prices of exports that are traded between the USA and China, this will eventually have a negative effect on both the businesses and the consumers in the sense that their purchasing power will tend to decline (Elwell 10). The economic trend remained constant during the period of the recession (2008-2009), and therefore the demand for loans continued to be very low for the consumers and the businesses (13). The effects of U.S. dollar depreciation on China economy This simply means that the Chinese yuan has appreciated relative to the U.S. dollar, therefore the effects of this appreciation are expected to be negative across all sectors. However, the change in the price is slightly different between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors (Yang et al 5). Yang et al in their analysis found out that the agricultural sector is more land incentive and therefore their prices fall more relative to other fact ors and this results in the decline in the agricultural products compared to those of the non-agricultural products due to reduced input cost, and as has been witnessed, the trade balance improves for the agricultural products as a result of falling prices (5-7).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the adverse effect of the yuan currency appreciation increases as long as the deflation is concerned. Deflation imposes several challenges, including shrinking consumption and investment, raising unemployment rates as well as increasing the bad debt that is not healthy for the banks (Yang et al 6). The deflation further weakens the demand since the consumers who anticipate for a further reduction in the price levels may choose to suspend consumption, therefore the yuan revaluation clearly depicts a decline in its GDP, imports, exports, and the price level (Yang et al 8). In conclusion therefore, the appreciation of the yuan would adversely affect consumers and the business both negatively and positively. When the falling dollar is good or bad for the USA A falling dollar simply means that the value of the dollar has gone down relative to the currency of the other trading partners. Several studies have indicated that the reduced value of the dollar is a result of the low interest rates, these low interest rates coupled with the budget deficit are what fuels inflation. If the dollar continues to weaken against the other currencies, especially the Chinese yuan, this may have an adverse effect on the foreign investment, hence scaring away the foreign investors (Cowen 2). A fairly increased industrial production worldwide is one of the causes of the increased products prices in the USA, a weak dollar therefore boosts the economy, on the one side, and undermines the welfare of the citizens, on the other hand (Elwell 13). On the other hand, a falling dolla r may be bad to the U.S. economy in a number of ways; first, intense precariousness can raise the general concern and discourage economic commitment. Therefore, if the dollar falls, it will scare away the foreign investors and, as a result, it hurts the U.S. economy. In conclusion, therefore the falling dollar is more of a benefit than a cost to the United States economy. Works Cited Cowen, Tyler. â€Å"The Dollar Is Falling, and That’s Good News†. The New York Times, 2 December 2002: Print. Elwell, Craig. The Depreciating Dollar: Economic Effects and Policy Response. Washington, D.C. Congressional Research Services, 2011. Web. https://digital.library.unt.edu/.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The effects of U.S. dollar depreciation relative to yuan on the economies of the USA and China specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fan, Emma X. Implications of a US Dollar Depreciation for Asian Developing Countr ies. Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2002. Web. https://www.adb.org/. Yang, Jun, Zhang, Wei and Tokgoz, Simla. â€Å"The Macroeconomic Impacts of Chinese Currency Appreciation on China and the Rest of world†: A Global Computable General Equilibrium Analysis. Washington, D C: International Food Policy Research Institute Publication, 2012. Print. This essay on The effects of U.S. dollar depreciation relative to yuan on the economies of the USA and China was written and submitted by user Shiloh Mclaughlin to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

What is the Job Market for Web Developers

What is the Job Market for Web Developers in the last few years, there has been an explosion of companies offering to train people in web development through bootcamps, online instruction, classes, and nearly anything else to get people coding. the target audience for most of these are people who did not study coding in the past but now want to change career paths. with so much excitement around start-ups and technology, coding know-how is becoming more and more an incredibly valued skill. but what can new web developers expect as they enter the development career marketplace?when it comes to salary, there is some disagreement depending on what source you prefer. the united states department of labor suggests a range from as low as $33k to $105k. this is obviously quite a range and surely covers a wide spectrum of employment situations. other sources put the range from around $75k to $120k for web development positions.in terms of job availability, the timing really could not be better for web developers. there are a plethor a of jobs and not enough people with the right skills for hire. 61% of executives say they face recruitment challenges when it comes to highly skilled and technical positions. as the gap between qualified workers and unfilled jobs continues to grow, it is expected that the gap will grow even greater for those looking for web developers. as any business 101 class will teach you, high demand and low supply can certainly lead to price increases. in this case, price equals web developers’ salaries!so strike while the iron is hot! i have a feeling in 400 years, they will look back at this time period and see anyone who cannot code as practically illiterate. while that might sound crazy, it is basically how we look at the past with regard to reading. perhaps the best part of it all, once you have those skills, you never what brilliant idea might strike you and inspire you to create your own start-up and become your own boss!

Keynesianism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Keynesianism - Research Paper Example Estimated to be worth about $787 billion, the stimulus issued by the Obama administration was to save over 90,000 jobs (Calmes, 2009). The stimulus was broken down to $288 billion, allocated to tax cuts, $224 billion for unemployment benefits, education and healthcare, and $275 billion for job creation through grants and loans from government. The main aim of the plan was to restore confidence in the economy and to spur economic growth given the monetary policy had failed to save the situation. It was also to bring confidence by reducing bonuses to senior executives whose companies had received TARP funds. According to Williams and Calabrese (2013), in a scientific society, there are about four types of theories: descriptive, explanatory and predictive, instrumental and normative. Descriptive and explanatory theories can be categorized under positive while the other two are grouped under prescriptive or normative. Descriptive theories can be said to be forerunners of explanatory theories as they tend to find how different constructs are interrelated. These may include core elements, characteristics, relationships, or dimensions. They are meant to set stage for explanation and prediction. Explanatory theory on the other hand gives insights on what caused an outcome in way that it can be observed. Predictions come in as a test of explanations. instrumentals depend on predictions, they work on the fact that if something occurs, another thing will occur as a result. The Obama Stimulus was positive in nature. It focused on the actual facts on the ground as opposed to general assumptions. At the time of its launch, unemployment rate was at 9%, and to solve this, the government allocated $275 billion for job creationin since monetary policy had failed to bear concrete fruits. This plan was also based on normative theories as it determined how the economy behaved within a time frame of ten years. Within this